Tag Archives: machine learning
Backpropagation Algorithm in Neural Network: Examples
Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are a powerful machine learning / deep learning technique inspired by the workings of the human brain. Neural networks comprise multiple interconnected nodes or neurons that process and transmit information. They are widely used in various fields such as finance, healthcare, and image processing. One of the most critical components of an ANN is the backpropagation algorithm. Backpropagation algorithm is a supervised learning technique used to adjust the weights of a Neural Network to minimize the difference between the predicted output and the actual output. In this post, you will learn about the concepts of backpropagation algorithm used in training neural network models, along with Python …
Lasso Regression Explained with Python Example
Lasso regression, also known as L1 regularization, is a linear regression method that uses regularization to prevent overfitting and improve model performance. It works by adding a penalty term to the cost function that encourages the model to select only the most important features and set the coefficients of less important features to zero. This makes Lasso regression a popular method for feature selection and high-dimensional data analysis. In this post, you will learn concepts, advantages and limitations of Lasso regression along with Python Sklearn examples. The other two similar forms of regularized linear regression are Ridge regression and Elasticnet regression which will be discussed in future posts. What’s Lasso Regression? …
SVM RBF Kernel Parameters: Python Examples
Support vector machines (SVM) are a popular and powerful machine learning technique for classification and regression tasks. SVM models are based on the concept of finding the optimal hyperplane that separates the data into different classes. One of the key features of SVMs is the ability to use different kernel functions to model non-linear relationships between the input variables and the output variable. One such kernel is the radial basis function (RBF) kernel, which is a popular choice for SVMs due to its flexibility and ability to capture complex relationships between the input and output variables. The RBF kernel has two important parameters: gamma and C (also called regularization parameter). …
Ordinary Least Squares Method: Concepts & Examples
Regression analysis is a fundamental statistical technique used in many fields, from finance to social sciences. It involves modeling the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method is one of the most commonly used techniques for regression analysis. Ordinary least squares (OLS) is a linear regression technique used to find the best-fitting line for a set of data points by minimizing the residuals (the differences between the observed and predicted values). It does so by estimating the coefficients of a linear regression model by minimizing the sum of the squared differences between the observed values of the dependent variable and …
PCA Explained Variance Concepts with Python Example
Dimensionality reduction is an important technique in data analysis and machine learning that allows us to reduce the number of variables in a dataset while retaining the most important information. By reducing the number of variables, we can simplify the problem, improve computational efficiency, and avoid overfitting. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a popular dimensionality reduction technique that aims to transform a high-dimensional dataset into a lower-dimensional space while retaining most of the information. PCA works by identifying the directions that capture the most variation in the data and projecting the data onto those directions, which are called principal components. However, when we apply PCA, it is often important to …
PCA vs LDA Differences, Plots, Examples
Dimensionality reduction is an important technique in data analysis and machine learning that allows us to reduce the number of variables in a dataset while retaining the most important information. By reducing the number of variables, we can simplify the problem, improve computational efficiency, and avoid overfitting. Two popular dimensionality reduction techniques are Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). Both techniques aim to reduce the dimensionality of the dataset, but they differ in their objectives, assumptions, and outputs. But how do they differ, and when should you use one method over the other? As data scientists, it is important to get a good understanding around this concept …
MinMaxScaler vs StandardScaler – Python Examples
Data scaling is an essential part of data analysis, especially when working with machine learning algorithms. Scaling helps to standardize the range of features and ensure that each feature (continuous variable) contributes equally to the analysis. Two popular scaling techniques used in Python are MinMaxScaler and StandardScaler. In this blog, we will learn about the concepts and differences between these scaling techniques with the help of Python code examples, highlight their advantages and disadvantages, and provide guidance on when to use one over the other. Note that these are classes provided by sklearn.preprocessing module and used for feature scaling purposes. As a data scientist, you will need to learn these …
Meta Unveils SAM and Massive SA-1B Dataset to Advance Computer Vision Research
Meta Researchers have, yesterday, unveiled a groundbreaking new model, namely Segment Anything Model (SAM), alongside an immense dataset, the Segment Anything Dataset (SA-1B), which together promise to revolutionize the field of computer vision. SAM’s unique architecture and design make it efficient and effective, while the SA-1B dataset provides a powerful resource to fuel future research and applications. The Segment Anything Model is an innovative approach to promptable segmentation that combines an image encoder, a flexible prompt encoder, and a fast mask decoder. Its design allows for real-time, interactive prompting in a web browser on a CPU, opening up new possibilities for computer vision applications. One of the key challenges SAM …
Autoencoder vs Variational Autoencoder (VAE): Differences
In the world of generative AI models, autoencoders (AE) and variational autoencoders (VAEs) have emerged as powerful unsupervised learning techniques for data representation, compression, and generation. While they share some similarities, these algorithms have unique properties and applications that distinguish them from each other. This blog post aims to help machine learning / deep learning enthusiasts gain a deeper understanding of these two methods, their key differences, and how they can be utilized in various data-driven tasks. We will learn about autoencoders and VAEs, understanding their core components, working mechanisms, and common use-cases. We will also try and understand their differences in terms of architecture, objectives, and outcomes. What are …
Mean Squared Error or R-Squared – Which one to use?
As you embark on your journey to understand and evaluate the performance of regression models, it’s crucial to know when to use each of these metrics and what they reveal about your model’s accuracy. In this post, you will learn about the concepts of the mean-squared error (MSE) and R-squared, the difference between them, and which one to use when evaluating the linear regression models. You also learn Python examples to understand the concepts in a better manner What is Mean Squared Error (MSE)? The Mean squared error (MSE) represents the error of the estimator or predictive model created based on the given set of observations in the sample. It …
Mean Squared Error vs Cross Entropy Loss Function
As a data scientist, understanding the nuances of various loss functions is critical for building effective machine learning models. Choosing the right loss function can significantly impact the performance of your model and determine how well it generalizes to unseen data. In this blog post, we will delve into two widely used loss functions: Mean Squared Error (MSE) and Cross Entropy Loss. By comparing their properties, applications, and trade-offs, we aim to provide you with a solid foundation for selecting the most suitable loss function for your specific problem. Loss functions play a pivotal role in training machine learning models as they quantify the difference between the model’s predictions and …
Machine Learning: Identify New Features for Disease Diagnosis
When diagnosing diseases that require X-rays and image-based scans, such as cancer, one of the most important steps is analyzing the images to determine the disease stage and to characterize the affected area. This information is central to understanding clinical prognosis and for determining the most appropriate treatment. Developing machine learning (ML) / deep learning (DL) based solutions to assist with the image analysis represents a compelling research area with many potential applications. Traditional modeling techniques have shown that deep learning models can accurately identify and classify diseases in X-rays and image-based scans and can even predict patient prognosis using known features, such as the size or shape of the …
Mastering f-statistics in Linear Regression: Formula, Examples
In this blog post, we will take a look at the concepts and formula of f-statistics in linear regression models and understand with the help of examples. F-test and F-statistics are very important concepts to understand if you want to be able to properly interpret the summary results of training linear regression machine learning models. We will start by discussing the importance of f-statistics in building linear regression models and understand how they are calculated based on the formula of f-statistics. We will, then, understand the concept with some real-world examples. As data scientists, it is very important to understand both the f-statistics and t-statistics and how they help in …
Dealing with Class Imbalance in Python: Techniques
As a data scientist, we are tasked with building machine learning (ML) models that can accurately predict outcomes based on input data. However, one of the biggest challenges in building ML models is dealing with class imbalance. Class imbalance occurs when the distribution of classes in your dataset is uneven, with one class significantly outnumbering one or more other classes. Class imbalance is a common problem in many industries, including fraud detection, medical diagnosis, and customer churn prediction, to name a few. Handling class imbalance correctly is crucial for data scientists, as it can have a significant impact on the performance of machine learning models. Failure to address class imbalance …
Python – Draw Confusion Matrix using Matplotlib
Classification models are a fundamental part of machine learning and are used extensively in various industries. Evaluating the performance of these models is critical in determining their effectiveness and identifying areas for improvement. One of the most common tools used for evaluating classification models is the confusion matrix. It provides a visual representation of the model’s performance by displaying the number of true positives, false positives, true negatives, and false negatives. In this post, we will explore how to create and visualize confusion matrices in Python using Matplotlib. We will walk through the process step-by-step and provide examples that demonstrate the use of Matplotlib in creating clear and concise confusion …
Different types of Time-series Forecasting Models
Forecasting is the process of predicting future events based on past and present data. Time-series forecasting is a type of forecasting that predicts future events based on time-stamped data points. Time-series forecasting models are an essential tool for any organization or individual who wants to make informed decisions based on future events or trends. From stock market predictions to weather forecasting, time-series models help us to understand and forecast changes over time. However, with so many different types of models available, it can be challenging to determine which one is best suited for a particular scenario. There are many different types of time-series forecasting models, each with its own strengths …
You can use citation styles as appropriate. Thank you Kumar, Ajitesh. "Two independent samples t-tests: Formula & Examples." Vitalflux.com, 22…