Tag Archives: machine learning

Python DataFrame – Assign New Labels to Columns

In this post, you will get a code sample related to how to assign new labels to columns in python programming while training machine learning models.  This is going to be very helpful when working with classification machine learning problem. Many a time the labels for response or dependent variable are in text format and all one wants is to assign a number such as 0, 1, 2 etc instead of text labels. Beginner-level data scientists will find this code very handy. We will look at the code for the dataset as represented in the diagram below: In the above code, you will see that class labels are named as very_low, Low, High, Middle …

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Java Implementation for Rosenblatt Perceptron

In this post, you will learn about Java implementation for Rosenblatt Perceptron.  Rosenblatt Perceptron is the most simplistic implementation of neural network. It is also called as single-layer neural network. The following diagram represents the Rosenblatt Perceptron: The following represents key aspect of the implementation which is described in this post: Method for calculating “Net Input“ Activation function as unit step function Prediction method Fitting the model Calculating the training & test error Method for calculating “Net Input” Net input is weighted sum of input features. The following represents the mathematical formula: $$Z = {w_0}{x_0} + {w_1}{x_1} + {w_2}{x_2} + … + {w_n}{x_n}$$ In the above equation, w0, w1, w2, …

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Difference between Adaline and Logistic Regression

In this post, you will understand the key differences between Adaline (Adaptive Linear Neuron) and Logistic Regression.  Activation function Cost function Difference in Activation Function The primary difference is the activation function. In Adaline, the activation function is called as linear activation function while in logistic regression, the activation function is called as sigmoid activation function. The diagram below represents the activation functions for Adaline. The  activation function for Adaline, also called as linear activation function, is the identity function which can be represented as the following: $$\phi(W^TX) = W^TX$$ The diagram below represents the activation functions for Logistic Regression. The  activation function for Logistic Regression, also called as sigmoid activation function, is …

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Logistic Regression: Sigmoid Function Python Code

In this post, you will learn about the following: How to represent the probability that an event will take place with the asssociated features (attributes / independent features) Sigmoid function python code Probability as Sigmoid Function The below is the Logit Function code representing association between the probability that an event will occur and independent features. $$Logit Function = \log(\frac{P}{(1-P)}) = {w_0} + {w_1}{x_1} + {w_2}{x_2} + …. + {w_n}{x_n}$$ $$Logit Function = \log(\frac{P}{(1-P)}) = W^TX$$ $$P = \frac{1}{1 + e^-W^TX}$$ The above equation can be called as sigmoid function. Python Code for Sigmoid Function Executing the above code would result in the following plot: Pay attention to some of the …

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Three Key Challenges of Machine Learning Models

In this post, you will learn about the three most important challenges or guiding principles that could be used while you are building machine learning models. The three key challenges which could be adopted while training machine learning models are following: The conflict between simplicity and accuracy Dimensionality – Curse or Blessing? The multiplicity of good models The Conflict between Simplicity and Accuracy Before starting on working for training one or more machine learning models, one would need to decide whether one would like to go for simple model or one would want to focus on model accuracy. The simplicity of models could be achieved by using algorithms which help …

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Difference between True Error & Sample Error

In this post, you will learn about some of the following in relation to evaluating a discrete-valued hypothesis when learning hypothesis (building models) using different machine learning algorithms. The discrete-valued hypothesis could also be understood as classification models built using machine learning algorithms and used to classify an instance drawn at random. What is a true error or true risk? What is a sample error or empirical risk? Difference between true error and sample error How to estimate the true error? In case you are a data scientist, you will want to understand the concept behind the true error and sample error. These concepts are key to understand for evaluating …

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Python – How to Create Dataframe using Numpy Array

In this post, you will get a code sample for creating a Pandas Dataframe using a Numpy array with Python programming. Step 1: Load the Python Packages Step 2: Create a Numpy array This is how the array would look like: Step 3: Create a Transpose of Numpy Array This is how the transpose would look like: Step 4: Create a Pandas Dataframe Print the data using head command such as df.head(). This is how the data frame would look like: In case, you would like to quickly plot the data and look for relationship, here are the command using seaborn package: The above would print the following plot:

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Binomial Distribution Explained with 10+ Examples

In this post, we will learn binomial distribution with 10+ examples. The following topics will be covered in this post: What is Binomial Distribution? Binomial distribution python example 10+ Examples of Binomial Distribution If you are an aspiring data scientist looking forward to learning/understand the binomial distribution in a better manner, this post might be very helpful. What is a Binomial Distribution? The binomial distribution is a discrete probability distribution that represents the probabilities of binomial random variables in a binomial experiment. What is an Experiment? An experiment is nothing but a set of one or more repeated trials resulting in a particular outcome out of many outcomes. Thus, an experiment could consist of 1 …

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Beta Distribution Example for Cricket Score Analysis

This post represents a real-world example of Binomial and Beta probability distribution from the sports field. In this post, you will learn about how the run scored by a Cricket player could be modeled using Binomial and Beta distribution. Ever wanted to predict the probability of Virat Kohli scoring a half-century in a particular match. This post will present a perspective on the same by using beta distribution to model the probability of runs that can be scored in a match. If you are a data scientist trying to understand beta and binomial distribution with a real-world example, this post will turn out to be helpful. First and foremost, let’s identify the random variable that we would like …

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25 Types of Probability Distributions Defined with Examples

In this post, you will learn the definition of 25 different types of probability distributions. Before we get into understanding different types of probability distributions, let’s understand some fundamentals. If you are a data scientist, you would like to go through these distributions. This page could also be seen as a cheatsheet for probability distributions. What is Probability Distributions? A probability distribution is a mathematical function that can be thought of as providing the probabilities of occurrence of different possible outcomes in an experiment. Probability distributions are divided into two classes: Discrete Probability Distribution: The probabilities defined on a discrete random variable, one which can only take a discrete set of values, is …

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How to Print Unique Values in Pandas Dataframe Columns

A quick post representing code sample on how to print unique values in Dataframe columns in Pandas. Here is a data frame comprising of oil prices on different dates which column such as year comprising of repeated/duplicate value of years. In the above data frame, the requirement is to print the unique value of year column. Here is the code for same. Note the method unique()

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Pandas – How to Extract Month & Year from Datetime

This is a quick post representing code sample related to how to extract month & year from datetime column of DataFrame in Pandas. The code sample is shown using the sample data, BrentOilPrices downloaded from this Kaggle data page. Here is the code to load the data frame. Check the data type of the data using the following code: The output looks like the following: Date object Price float64 dtype: object Use the following command to change the date data type from object to datetime and extract the month and year. Printing data using head command would print the following:

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This post represents a quick code sample in relation to uploading a CSV file from local drive to Google Colab Notebook. Executing the code below will prompt to select a file from the local drive and upload. Once done with the above, all you need to do is execute the following code: In order to test if the file is loaded appropriately, execute the following command:

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Pandas – How to Concatenate Dataframe Columns

Quick code sample on how to concatenate the data frames columns. We will work with example of Boston dataset found with sklearn.datasets. One should note that data frames could be concatenated by rows and columns. In this post, you will learn about how to concatenate data frames by columns. Here is the code for working with Boston datasets. First and foremost, the Boston dataset will be loaded. Once loaded, let’s create different different data frames comprising of data and target variable. This above creates two data frames comprising of data (features) and the values of target variable. Here are the snapshots. Use the following command to concatenate the data frames. …

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Difference between Machine Learning & Traditional Software

In this post, we will understand what are some of the key differences between machine learning models and traditional/conventional software. S.No Traditional Software Machine Learning 1 In traditional software, the primary objective is to meet functional and non-functional requirements. In machine learning models, the primary goal is to optimize the metric (accuracy, precision/recall, RMSE, etc) of the models. Every 0.1 % improvement in the model metrics could result in significant business value creation. 2 The quality of the software primary depends on the quality of the code. The quality of the model depends upon various parameters which are mainly related to the input data and hyperparameters tuning. 3 Traditional software …