# Imputing Missing Data using Sklearn SimpleImputer

In this post, you will learn about how to use Python’s Sklearn SimpleImputer for imputing / replacing numerical & categorical missing data using different strategies. In one of the related article posted sometime back, the usage of fillna method of Pandas DataFrame is discussed. Here is the link, Replace missing values with mean, median and mode. Handling missing values is key part of data preprocessing and hence, it is of utmost importance for data scientists / machine learning Engineers to learn different techniques in relation imputing / replacing numerical or categorical missing values with appropriate value based on appropriate strategies.

The following topics will be covered in this post:

• SimpleImputer explained with Python code example
• SimpleImputer for imputing numerical missing data
• SimpleImputer for imputing categorical missing data

Table of Contents

## SimpleImputer explained with Python code example

SimpleImputer is a class found in package sklearn.impute. It is used to impute / replace the numerical or categorical missing data related to one or more features with appropriate values such as following:

• Mean
• Median
• Most frequent (mode)
• Constant

Each of the above type represents strategy when creating an instance of SimpleImputer. Here is the Python code sample representing the usage of SimpleImputor for replacing numerical missing value with the mean.

First and foremost, let’s create a sample Pandas Dataframe representing marks, gender and result of students.

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np

students = [[85, 'M', 'verygood'],
[95, 'F', 'excellent'],
[75, None,'good'],
[np.NaN, 'M', 'average'],
[70, 'M', 'good'],
[np.NaN, None, 'verygood'],
[92, 'F', 'verygood'],
[98, 'M', 'excellent']]

dfstd = pd.DataFrame(students)
dfstd.columns = ['marks', 'gender', 'result']


There are two columns / features (one numerical – marks, and another categorical – gender) which are having missing values and need to be imputed. In the code below, an instance of SimpleImputer is created with strategy as “mean”. The missing value is represented using NaN. Note some of the following:

• sklearn.impute package is used for importing SimpleImputer class.
• SimpleImputer takes two argument such as missing_values and strategy.
• fit_transform method is invoked on the instance of SimpleImputer to impute the missing values.
from sklearn.impute import SimpleImputer
#
# Missing values is represented using NaN and hence specified. If it
# is empty field, missing values will be specified as ''
#
imputer = SimpleImputer(missing_values=np.NaN, strategy='mean')

dfstd.marks = imputer.fit_transform(dfstd['marks'].values.reshape(-1,1))[:,0]

dfstd


Here is how the output would look like. Note that missing value of marks is imputed / replaced with the mean value, 85.83333

## SimpleImputer for imputing Numerical Missing Data

For the numerical missing data, the following strategy can be used.

• Mean
• Median
• Most frequent (mode)
• Constant

The code example below represents the instantiation of SimpleImputer with appropriate strategies for imputing numerical missing data

#
# Imputing with mean value
#
imputer = SimpleImputer(missing_values=np.NaN, strategy='mean')
#
# Imputing with median value
#
imputer = SimpleImputer(missing_values=np.NaN, strategy='median')
#
# Imputing with most frequent / mode value
#
imputer = SimpleImputer(missing_values=np.NaN, strategy='most_frequent')
#
# Imputing with constant value; The command below replaces the missing
# value with constant value such as 80
#
imputer = SimpleImputer(missing_values=np.NaN, strategy='constant', fill_value=80)


## SimpleImputer for imputing Categorical Missing Data

For handling categorical missing values, you could use one of the following strategies. However, it is the “most_frequent” strategy which is preferably used.

• Most frequent (strategy=’most_frequent’)
• Constant (strategy=’constant’, fill_value=’someValue’)

Here is how the code would look like when imputing missing value with strategy as most_frequent. In the code sample used in this post, gender is having missing values. Note how the missing value under gender column is replaced with ‘M’ which occurs most frequently.

from sklearn.impute import SimpleImputer

imputer = SimpleImputer(missing_values=None, strategy='most_frequent')
dfstd.gender = imputer.fit_transform(dfstd['gender'].values.reshape(-1,1))[:,0]
dfstd


Here is how the code would look like when imputing missing value with strategy as constant. Note how the missing value under gender column is replaced with ‘F’ which is assigned using fill_value parameter.

from sklearn.impute import SimpleImputer

imputer = SimpleImputer(missing_values=None, strategy='constant', fill_value='F')
dfstd.gender = imputer.fit_transform(dfstd['gender'].values.reshape(-1,1))[:,0]
dfstd


## Conclusions

Here is the summary of what you learned in this post:

• You can use Sklearn.impute class SimpleImputer to impute / replace missing values for both numerical and categorical features.
• For numerical missing values, strategy such as mean, median, most frequent and constant can be used.
• For categorical features, strategy such as most frequent and constant can be used.
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## Ajitesh Kumar

I have been recently working in the area of Data analytics including Data Science and Machine Learning / Deep Learning. I am also passionate about different technologies including programming languages such as Java/JEE, Javascript, Python, R, Julia, etc, and technologies such as Blockchain, mobile computing, cloud-native technologies, application security, cloud computing platforms, big data, etc. For latest updates and blogs, follow us on Twitter. I would love to connect with you on Linkedin. Check out my latest book titled as First Principles Thinking: Building winning products using first principles thinking
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